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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V WXYZ #A
The A-List of Potential ConfoundersAdditive Interaction
Additive Interaction vs RR Reporting
Additive Model
Adjusted Summary Estimate
Adjusted OR
Adjustment
Adjustment - Mantel-Haenszel
Adjustment - Multiple Confounders
Adjustment - Woolf's Method
Administrative Censoring
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Analytic Study - Selection Bias
Association - Measures of
Association of Confounder with Disease
Association of Confounder with Exposure
Assumption: Rare Disease
Assumptions: Cumulative Incidence and Incidence Rate
Attack Rate - Cumulative Incidence
B
The B List of Potential ConfoundersBackwards Strategy - Confounding
Backwards Strategy - Example MRSA
Baseline Data
Bias
Bias - Confounding
Bias Confounding Example - HIV and Needlestick
Bias Confounding Example - Night Lite
Bias - Confounding - Types
Bias - Differential Misclassification Example - Melanoma Risk
Bias - Differential Misclassification Example - Pregnancy and Congenital Malformations
Bias - Example - Study of Spermicide Use and Down Syndrome
Bias - Identification
Bias - Information or Measurement
Bias - Misclassification
Bias - Misclassification Example - Graphs
Bias - Misclassification Example - Outcome - Cohort Study
Bias - Misclassification Example - Pertussis Vaccine
Bias - Misclassification Example - Non-differential Exposure - Cohort Study
Bias - Misclassification Example - Non-differential Exposure - Imperfect Sensitivity
Bias - Misclassification Example - Non-differential Exposure - Imperfect Specificity
Bias - Misclassification Example - Non-differential Outcome
Bias - Misclassification Example - Imperfect Sensitivity and Specificity
Bias - Selection
Bias - Selection - Analytic or Case-Control Study
Bias - Selection - Cohort Study or Randomized Clinical Trial
Bias - Selection - Descriptive Study
Bias - Selection - Cross-Sectional Study
Bias Selection Example - Loss to Follow-up - AIDS
Bias - Temporal Trend
Bias-Variance Tradeoff
Biostatistics
C
CAD - Example of Intermediate VariableCalendar Time Cohort
Cancer Registry
Cancer and Matches - Example Stratification
Carrier?
Case Control Design Example - Kaiser Sigmoidoscopy
Case Control Design: Incident Density Sampling of Controls
Case Control Design: Incident Density Sampling - Dynamic Primary Study Base
Case Control Design: OR Estimates Rate Ratio
Case Control Design: OR Estimates Risk Ratio
Case Control Design - Sampling Controls at Baseline
Case Control Design - Sampling Controls at Follow-up
Case Control Study Design
Case Control Study Example - Netherlands Cohort on Vitamin Intake
Case Control Study Example - Rare Disease
Case-Control Study - Selection Bias
Case(s)
Categorical Variable
Causal Diagrams or Directed Acyclic Graphs
Censoring
Censoring - Administrative
Censoring - Informative
Chance
Choosing the Cut-off
Chi Square Test - 2x2 Table
Classification?
Clinical Epidemiology
Clinical Research - Error
Clinical Trial
Coffee - Example of Qualitative Interaction
Cohort
Cohort - Calendar Time
Cohort - Closed
Cohort - Hypothetical
Cohort - Open
Cohort - Prospective
Cohort - Retrospective
Cohort Study
Cohort Study - Example: Misclassification Bias - Exposure
Cohort Study - Example: Misclassification Bias - Outcome
Cohort Study - Randomized Trial
Cohort Study - Selection Bias
Common Rule
Composite Null Hypothesis
Concordance
Conditional Probability
Confidence Intervals
Conflict of Interest
Confounder - Association with Disease
Confounder - Association with Exposure
Confounder Causes Disease
Confounder Causes Disease and Exposure
Confounder Causes Exposure
Confounder: Extraneous Factor
Confounder Marker of Disease
Confounder Non-causally Related to Disease
Confounder Non-causally Related to Exposure
Confounder or Intermediate Variable
Confounder Result of Exposure
Confounders - A List
Confounders - B List
Confounding - Backwards Strategy
Confounding - Example: Backwards Strategy - MRSA
Confounding Bias
Confounding Bias - Reducing During Analysis
Confounding Bias - Reducing During Study Design
Confounding Bias - Types
Confounding Bias - Example Night Light
Confounding or Interaction
Confounding Variable - What Is Your Research Question
Confounding Variable - What Is the Pathway
Continuous Data/Variable
Continuous Variable - Systematic Error
Control(s)
Correlation
Correlation Coefficient
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Covariate
Cox Regression
Cronbachs' Alpha
Cross-Sectional Study
Cross-Sectional Study - Selection Bias
Crude OR
Crude or Unadjusted Estimate
Cumulative Incidence
Cumulative Incidence - Attack Rate
Cumulative Incidence vs Incidence Rate
D
Data Analysis - Reducing Confounding BiasDeath Rate
Decision Analysis
Decision Tree
Decreased Precision
Degrees of Freedom
Denominator - Example GI Illness
Dependent Variable
Descriptive Study
Descriptive Study - Selection Bias
Descriptive Variable
Design - Reducing Confounding Bias
Determining Confounder or Intermediate Variable - What Is Your Research Question
Determining Confounder or Intermediate Variable - What Is the Pathway Under Investigation
Diagnosis
Difference versus Ratio
Differential Misclassification Bias Example - Melanoma Risk
Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYS)
Disease Occurrence
Disease Risk in Populations
Distribution
Dose Effect Relationship
Double Blind Trial
Dynamic Primary Study Base - Examples: Incident Density
Dynamic Primary Study Base - Incident Density Sampling
E
Ecological FallacyEcological Study
Effect Measure
Effect Modifier
Eligibility Criteria
Epidemiology
Equipoise
Error in Clinical Research
Error - Random
Error - Sampling
Error - Systematic or Bias
Error, Type I
Error, Type II
Estimate
Event (in survival analysis)
Evidence-Based Medicine
Example: Age Adjust - Petrochemical Workers
Example: Alcohol Abuse - Imperfect Sensitivity
Example: Backwards Strategy - MRSA
Example: Bias - Study of Spermicide Use and Down Syndrome
Example: Case Control Study Design - Kaiser Sigmoidoscopy
Example: Case Control Study - Netherlands Cohort on Vitamin Intake
Example: Case Control Study - Rare Disease
Example: Cohort Study - Framingham
Example: Confounding Bias - HIV and Needlestick
Example: Confounding Bias - Night Light
Example: Cumulative Incidence - GI Illness
Example: Cumulative Incidence - SEER Program
Example: Cumulative Incidence - Survival
Example: Differential Misclassification Bias - Melanoma Risk
Example: Differential Misclassification Bias - Pregnancy and Congenital Malformations
Example: Imperfect Specificity - Second Hand Smoke
Example: Incidence - Person-Time - Pediatrics
Example: Incidence - Time-Varying Exposure
Example: Incidence - What Is Missing
Examples: Incident Density - Dynamic Primary Study Base
Example: Intermediate Variable - CAD
Example: Intermediate Variable - HIV CCR5
Example: Lost to Follow-Up - HCV and HIV
Example: Misclassification Bias - Graphs
Example: Misclassification Bias - Imperfect Sensitivity and Specificity
Example: Misclassification Bias - Non-differential Exposure - Cohort Study
Example: Misclassification Bias - Non-differential Exposure - Imperfect Sensitivity
Example: Misclassification Bias - Non-differential Exposure - Imperfect Specificity
Example: Misclassification Bias - Non-differential Outcome
Example: Misclassification Bias - Outcome - Cohort Study
Example: Misclassification Bias - Pertussis Vaccine
Example: No Adjustment - Lung Cancer and Matches
Example: Qualitative Interaction - Coffee
Examples: Reporting Interactions
Example: Selection Bias - Breast Cancer
Example: Selection Bias - Loss to Follow-up - AIDS
Example: Selection Bias in Politics
Examples: Selection Bias - Pancreatic Cancer
Example: Selection Bias - Nuclear Bomb Testing
Example: Stratification - Lung Cancer and Matches
Example: Uncommon Exposure
Excess Risk
Expectation of Life
Exposure or Explanatory Variable
Exposure Associated with Confounder
Exposure Caused by Confounder
Exposure Results in Confounder
Exposure Non-causally Related to Confounder
External Validity
Extranenous Factor: Confounder
F
F DistributionFactor Analysis
Factorial Design
False Negative
False Positive
Fatality Rate
Fisher's Exact Test
Follow-up - Starting Time
Follow-Up Study
Follow-up Time
Follow-up Time - Assumptions
Follow-up - Loss to
Formula: Mantel-Haenszel
Forward Strategy - Confounding
Framingham Heart Study
G
GeneralizabilityGI Illness Example: Cumulative Incidence
Gold Standard
Goodness of Fit?
Graphical Approach - Interaction
Graphs - Misclassification Bias Example
Growth Rate of Population?
Guidelines for Reporting or Ignoring Interactions
Guttman Scale?
H
Half-LifeHalo Effect
Hawthorne Effect
Hazard Rate
Hazard Ratio
Healthy Worker Effect
Healthy Year Equivalents (HYES)
Heuristic Method
Historical Control
HIV and Needlestick Example - Confounding Bias
HIV CCR5 Example: Intermediate Variable
Hosmer-Lemeshow Test (H-L Test)
Household Sample Survey
Human Development Index
Hypothetical Cohort
I
Ignoring or Reporting InteractionsImpact fraction?
Imperfect Sensitivity - Example of Misclassification Bias
Imperfect Sensitivity and Specificity - Example of Misclassification Bias
Imperfect Specificity - Example of Misclassification Bias
Inappropriate Adjustment - Statistical Testing
Incidence
Incidence Based on Person-Time
Incidence Rate vs Cumulative Incidence
Incidence Rate - Measures
Incidence Rate - Calculate from Population-Based Registries
Incidence Rate - Age Adjust
Incidence Rate - Compare Incidence from Time-Varying Exposure
Incident Density - Examples in Dynamic Primary Study Base
Incident Density Sampling - Case Control Design -cut
Incident Density Sampling - Dynamic Primary Study Base
Independent Samples
Independent Variable
Index Group
Indicator Variable
Infant Mortality Rate
Inference
Information Bias -add anchors
Informative Censoring
Intention To Treat Analysis
Interaction
Interaction - Additive
Interaction - Multiplicative
Interaction or Confounding
Interaction - Graphical Approach
Interaction Qualitative Example - Coffee
Interactions Guidelines for Reporting or Ignoring
Intermediate Variable
Intermediate Variable or Confounder
Intermediate Variable: Decision Tree
Intermediate Variable Example: CAD
Intermediate Variable Example: HIV CCR5
Intermediate Variable - What Is Your Research Question
Intermediate Variable - What Is the Pathway
Internal Validity
Intervention Study
Initiation - Study Time
J
JackknifeK
Kaplan Meier -(move eg)Kaplan Meier - Stata Commands -(add)
Kappa
Kaiser Sigmoidoscopy - Example of Case Control Study Design
Kurtosis
L
Large Sample MethodLatin Square
Least Squares
Life Tables
Likelihood Function
Limitations of Omnibus Tests
Likert Scale
Linear Regression
Linearity Assumption
Log Rank Test?
Logistic Outcome
Logistic Regression
Lost to Follow-up
Losses to Follow-up - Manage
Losses to Follow-up - Prevention
Loss to Follow-up Example - AIDS - Selection Bias
Lung Cancer and Matches - Example No Adjustment
M
Manage - Losses to Follow-upMann-Whitney Test?
Mantel-Haenszel Adjustment
Mantel-Haenszel Formula
Margins - 2x2 Table or Chi-square Test
Markov Process?
Matching
Maximum Liklihood Estimate?
Mean Arithmetic
Measurement Scale?
Measure of Central Tendency?
Measurement Bias
Measures of Association
Measures of Association - Odds Ratio
Measures of Association - Prevalence Ratio
Measures of Association - Risk Difference
Measures of Association - Risk Ratio
Measures of Association - Risk Ratio versus Rate Ratio
Measures of Association - Case Control Odds Ratio
Measures of Occurrence - Cumulative Incidence
Measures of Occurrence - Incidence
Measures of Occurrence - Incidence Based on Person-Time
Measures of Occurrence - Period Prevalence
Measures pf Occurrence - Point Prevalence
Measures of Occurrence - Prevalence
Median?
Melanoma Risk - Example of Differential Misclassification Bias
Meta Analysis
Minimal Risk
Minimum Data Set?
Misclassification Bias
Misclassification Bias Example - Cohort Study
Misclassification Bias Example - Graphs
Misclassification Bias Example - Imperfect Sensitivity
Misclassification Bias Example - Imperfect Sensitivity
Misclassification Bias Example - Malformations
Misclassification Bias Example - Non-differential Outcome
Misclassification Bias Example - Pertussis Vaccine
Misclassification Due to: Data Management Problems
Misclassification Due to: Design or Analytic Problems
Misclassification Due to: Questionnaire Problems
Misclassification Due to: Specimen Collection Problems
Misclassification - Specimen Testing Problems
Mode?
Model Numbers
Model Selection
Moderator Variable?
Monte Carlo Study, Trial?
Moving Averages?
MRSA Example: Backwards Strategy
Multicollinearity?
Multiple Comparison Techniques?
Multiple Confounders - Adjustment
Multiplicative Interaction
Multiplicative Model?
Multivariate Analysis?
Multivariate Regression Modeling
N
Nearest Neighbor Method?Negative Confounding
Negative Results or Conclusions?
Netherlands Cohort on Vitamin Intake - Example of Case Control Study -
Night Light Example: Confounding Bias
No Effect of Third Variable
No Effect: Decision Tree
Noise (in Data)?
No Observed Effect Level?
Non-differential Exposure - Example of Misclassification Bias
Non-differential Outcome - Example of Misclassification Bias
Normal Distribution?
Null Hypothesis
Numerical Variable
Nurses Health Study - Melanoma Risk
O
Observational StudyObserver Variation (Error)?
Odds Ratio - Measures of
Odds - Probability
Odds versus Risk Ratio
OR Estimates Rate Ratio in Case Control Design
OR Estimates Risk Ratio in Case Control Design
Omnibus Test?
One-Tail Test?
Cohort - Open
Outcome or Disease
Outliers?
Overadjustment?
Outcome - Survival
Outcome Variable
Outcome for Logistic Regression
Output - Regression Modeling - Variable Column
Overdispersion?
Over-represent
P
P-ValuesPaired Samples
Parametric Test
Path Analysis?
Pathway Under Investigation
Pediatrics Example - Incidence - Person-Time
Period Prevalence
Measure Occurrence - Point Prevalence
Prevalence
Periods - Study Time?
Person-Time Incidence Rate vs Cumulative Incidence
Person-Time Incidence Example - Pediatrics
Person-Time Rate: Denominator
Pertussis Vaccine - Example of Misclassification Bias
Placebo, Placebo Effect
Point Prevalence
Polynomial Model?
Population Attributable Risk?
Positive Outcome?
Power?
Precision
Prevalence of Risk Factor
Probability - Odds
Precision - Random Error
Predictive Value?
Predictor Variable
Predictor Variable - Example: Uncommon Exposure
Prevalence
Prevalence Ratio - Measures of Association
Prevention - Losses to Follow-up
Primary Study Base
Probability?
Proportional Hazard Model?
Proportional Hazards Regression
Prospective Cohort
Prospective or Retrospective Study
Protective
PValue
Q
Quadratic P-valueQualitative Interaction Example - Coffee
Qualitative Multiplicative Equals Qualitative Additive
Qualitative Variable
Quantitative Variable
R
Random Allocation?Random Error
Random Error in Analytic Studies - Reproducibility
Random Sampling Error?
Randomized Clinical Trial
Randomized Clinical Trial - Selection Bias
Randomized Trial
Ranking Scale?
Rare Disease Assumption
Rare Disease - Example: Case Control Study
Rate?
Rate Ratio
Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve?
Record Linkage?
Reducing Confounding Bias During Analysis
Reducing Confounding Bias During Study Design
Reducing Confounding by Restriction
Reducing Confounding by Matching
Reduction (of data)?
Reference Category?
Relative Hazard
Register, Registry?
Regression Analysis
Relative Risk?
Replication?
Reporting Additive Interaction vs RR
Reporting Interactions
Reporting or Ignoring Interactions
Reproducibility - Random Error
Rescaled Predictors
Research Question
Response Bias?
Retrospective Cohort
Retrospective or Prospective Study
Risk Difference - Measures of Association
Risk Factor
Risk Factor Prevalence
Risk Ratio - Measures of Association
Risk Ratio versus Rate Ratio
ROC Curves - Example in Misclassification Bias
S
SamplingSampling Controls at Baseline - Case Control Design
Sampling Controls at Follow-up
Sampling Controls with New Case
Sampling - Unbiased
Secondary Study Base
SEER Program - Example Cumulative Incidence
Selection Bias
Selection Bias - Analytic or Case-Control Study
Selection Bias - Cohort Study or Randomized Clinical Trial
Selection Bias - Cross-Sectional Study
Selection Bias - Descriptive Study
Selection Bias Example - Loss to Follow-up - AIDS
Sensitivity
Sensitivity Imperfect - Example: Misclassification Bias - Non-differential Exposure
Sensitivity and Specificity Imperfect - Examples: Misclassification Bias
Sensitivity Imperfect -Example: Alcohol Abuse
Simpson's Paradox
Smoothing
Specificity
Specificity Imperfect - Example: Misclassification Bias - Non-differential Exposure
Specificity Imperfect - Example: Second Hand Smoke
Standardized Mortality Ratio
Starting Time
Stata Commands - Kaplan Meier
Summary Estimate
Survey?
Survival - Example SEER Program
Survival Analysis?
Survival - Example Australian Children's Cancer Study
Survival - Outcome
Study of Spermicide Use and Down Syndrome - Example Bias
Stratification
Stratification - Adjusted OR
Stratification - Crude OR
Stratification - Example: Lung Cancer and Matches
Study Analysis: Confounding - Backwards Strategy
Study Analysis Plan
Study Base
Study Base - Primary
Study Base - Secondary
Study Case
Study Control
Study Design Elements
Study Design Type: Case Control Study
Study Time: Close-out?
Study Time: Periods?
Symmetrical Relationship?
Systematic Error or Bias
Systematic Error - Continuous Variable
T
Temporal Trend BiasTemporal Trends
Third Variable
Third Variable: Confounder
Third Variable: Effect Modifier
Time Period - Waiting
Third Variable: Intermediate
Types of Confounding Bias
U
Unadjusted EstimateUnbiased Sampling of Controls
Unit of Observation
V
ValidityValidity - Bias
Validity - External
Validity - Internal
Validity - Measurement - Sensitivity
Validity - Measurement - Specificity
Value Column
Variable Column - Regression Modeling Output
Variable - Confounder
Variable: Constant or Fixed
Variable Intermediate Example - CAD
Variable Intermediate Example - HIV CCR5
Variable: Nominal
Variable - Outcome or Dependent
Variable - Predictor or Exposure or Explanatory or Independent
Variable Third: Decision Tree
Variable Third
Variable Third: Confounder
Variable Third: Effect Modifier
Variable Third: Intermediate
Variance
Variance - Bias Tradeoff
WXYZ
Waiting Time Period of Incidence RatesWoolf's Method - Adjustment
#
2 x 2 Table - Chi Square Test-2 log Likelihood (-2 log L)
All Terms
Expand...CollapseTopic revision: r213 - 10 Mar 2010 - 14:06:34 - MaryBanach
CTSpedia.ResearchTopics moved from CTSpedia.ResearchTerms on 14 Apr 2009 - 22:30 by CTSpediaAdmin - put it back
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